World Hypertension Day (WHD), observed on May 17 annually, was established in 2005 by the World Hypertension League to raise global awareness about hypertension, also known as high blood pressure. The focus of WHD 2023 is captured by the theme “Measure Your Blood Pressure Accurately, Control It, Live Longer,” emphasizing the importance of accurate blood pressure measurements, especially in low- and middle-income countries where awareness remains limited.

Hypertension is a global health epidemic, classified as a non-communicable disease and one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. It is characterized by persistently high blood pressure, which damages the heart and leads to numerous health complications if left unmanaged. Blood pressure, the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries, naturally fluctuates throughout the day. However, hypertension occurs when blood pressure remains high consistently over time.

The condition is diagnosed when a person’s systolic blood pressure (the force when the heart beats) is equal to or above 140 mmHg, and diastolic pressure (the force when the heart is at rest between beats) is equal to or above 90 mmHg on two separate readings. These elevated pressures indicate that the heart is working harder to pump blood, which can cause lasting damage to the arteries and organs. Hypertension is often referred to as the “silent killer” because it frequently presents no noticeable symptoms, allowing it to progress undetected for years.

Several factors increase the risk of developing hypertension. These include an unhealthy diet high in salt, saturated fats, and low in fruits and vegetables; physical inactivity; smoking; excessive alcohol consumption; aging; being overweight or obese; having existing conditions like diabetes or kidney disease; and a family history of high blood pressure. The effects of uncontrolled hypertension are severe, leading to complications such as heart attacks, strokes, kidney disease, and even vision loss. It can also result in heart failure, where the heart becomes too weak to pump blood effectively.

To effectively manage hypertension, it is critical to regularly monitor blood pressure. Testing can be done at clinics, pharmacies, or at home using automated blood pressure monitors. Modern devices enable individuals to measure their blood pressure by simply applying a cuff, pressing a button, and receiving a digital reading. Accurate home measurements are essential for proper hypertension management, but it is equally important to follow proper guidelines for testing.

For accurate blood pressure readings at home, individuals are advised to avoid eating, drinking caffeinated beverages, exercising, smoking, or using medication 30 minutes before measurement. Bladder emptying is also recommended, as a full bladder can temporarily elevate blood pressure. The individual should sit calmly for at least five minutes before testing, with their back and arm supported, legs uncrossed, and feet flat on the floor. The cuff should be placed on bare skin directly above the bend of the elbow at heart level, and finger or wrist monitors are discouraged for accuracy. Moving or talking during the measurement can affect the results, so remaining still and quiet is important.

While hypertension is a serious health condition, it is manageable with lifestyle changes, medication, and regular monitoring. The theme for this year’s World Hypertension Day serves as a reminder of the importance of measuring blood pressure accurately and taking proactive steps to control it. These actions can prevent serious health complications and lead to longer, healthier lives.

In conclusion, World Hypertension Day is an important global initiative aimed at improving awareness of hypertension, promoting accurate blood pressure monitoring, and encouraging preventive care to combat the adverse effects of this silent killer.