Recent warnings from paediatricians highlight the heightened vulnerability of premature infants and formula-fed babies to extreme temperatures currently affecting various regions. While heatwaves adversely impact all age groups, newborns and children under five are particularly susceptible due to their developing physiological systems. This article delves into the specific risks posed by heatwaves to these young populations and offers guidance on protective measures.​

Vulnerability of Newborns to Heat

Newborns, especially those born prematurely, face significant challenges during heatwaves. Their bodies are not yet adept at regulating temperature, making them more prone to heat absorption and related complications. Professor Aminu Mohammad, a paediatric surgeon at Bayero University in Kano State, emphasizes that newborns have thinner skin than adults, leading to rapid heat absorption and increased body temperatures. This rapid rise can result in dehydration and heat-related illnesses. Dehydration in infants can occur swiftly due to excessive moisture loss from breathing, sweating, and electrolyte imbalances. Electrolytes are vital for muscle function, including that of the heart, and their imbalance can impair bodily functions. In severe cases, dehydration can decrease blood volume, reduce kidney function, and potentially lead to acute kidney injury, progressing to chronic kidney disease.

Risks Associated with Formula Feeding During Heatwaves

Formula-fed infants face additional risks during extreme heat conditions. High temperatures can accelerate bacterial growth in stored or prepared formula, increasing the likelihood of contamination. Consuming contaminated formula can lead to diarrhea, exacerbating dehydration. Dr. Mohammad notes that during extreme heat, bacteria multiply rapidly, heightening the risk of contamination in formula. This contamination can cause diarrhea, further worsening dehydration.

Impact on Children Under Five

Children under five are also at heightened risk during heatwaves. Their bodies can lose significant amounts of water through insensible water loss, leading to dehydration. Dr. Ayodele Renner, a consultant paediatrician, explains that young children can develop heat rashes due to excessive sweating. In severe cases, they may suffer from heat exhaustion, heatstroke, or dehydration, presenting symptoms such as confusion, irritability, or even loss of consciousness. ​

Recognizing Early Signs of Heat-Related Illnesses

Identifying early warning signs of heat exhaustion or heatstroke in infants and toddlers is crucial. In infants, excessive fussiness, irritability, and excessive crying can be indicators. A noticeable decrease in wet diapers may signal dehydration. In older children, signs include excessive thirst, lethargy, dizziness, or confusion. If a child becomes unresponsive or faints, it constitutes a medical emergency requiring immediate hospital attention.

Preventive Measures for Parents and Caregivers

To safeguard newborns and young children during extreme heat, parents and caregivers should consider the following measures:

• Limit Sun Exposure: Keep babies and young children out of direct sunlight, especially during peak heat hours. Ensure they remain in shaded or cool areas. ​

• Maintain Hydration: Ensure children drink adequate fluids, primarily water or natural fruit juices, to stay hydrated. For breastfed infants, offer extra feeds during hot weather. ​

• Appropriate Clothing: Dress children in light, loose-fitting clothes made of breathable fabrics like cotton to help keep them cool. ​

• Cool Baths: Provide lukewarm or cool baths to help lower body temperature. ​

• Monitor Indoor Temperatures: Use fans or air conditioning to regulate indoor temperatures. Ensure that cool air does not blow directly on children.

• Avoid Overcrowded Areas: Keep children away from crowded places that may be hotter and have poor ventilation.​

• Regular Monitoring: Check on babies and young children frequently during hot weather to ensure they are comfortable and not exhibiting signs of heat stress. ​

Conclusion

Heatwaves present serious health risks to newborns and young children, particularly those born prematurely or who are formula-fed. Recognizing the signs of heat-related illnesses and implementing preventive measures can significantly reduce these risks. Parents and caregivers must remain vigilant during extreme heat conditions to ensure the safety and well-being of their children.